More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. The fear of ethnic groups overlapping regional boundaries and the loyalties of castes cutting of some extent across provincial political boundaries also encourage some groups to support wider federal unions. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. However, that is not so in a federal government system. The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. What are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. Federalism in Nigeria. /F5 18 0 R It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Federalism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. welcome, and thanks for reading us. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. >> Comparative Analysis of Federalism and Natural Resource Management With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. >> He rejects the assertion that What is federalism? /BitsPerComponent 8 For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Federalism in India - Analysis of the Indian Constitution Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. This is because most of the power (financial and. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). /F4 15 0 R 7. >> Nigeria. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. Required fields are marked *. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. PDF Fiscal Federalism, Resource Control, and Restructuring in Nigeria: the |4-Iv /Subtype /Image a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. Full History of Nigerian Federalism | Nigerian Federalism Your email address will not be published. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism - Course Hero To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. 3 0 obj All rights reserved. 1. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 7 Functions of Nigerian Federalism - Information Guide in Nigeria The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. stream This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). (PDF) Politics Of Federalism in Nigeria: Preparing Human Capital for There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. /F3 12 0 R Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. June 1,2022 As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. (PDF) Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria: An Analysis of - ResearchGate The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. (PDF) Federalism in Nigeria -Problems, Prospects and the Imperative of /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. /Height 235 This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. Federalism Complicates the Response to the COVID-19 Health and Economic Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide (Tanzi, 1996). Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). by the federal or any state government. (Pdf) Fiscal Federalism and Local Government Financial Autonomy in /Resources << These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. The Challenge of Domesticating Children's Rights Treaties in Nigeria The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. >> And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state.